All science is based on population studies. Any finding found in only one person is considered anecdotal; possibly interesting but basically meaningless. Science wants studies that show consistent results on thousands of people. To evaluate a large population, study statistics are used to determine the average outcome. The problem is no one is average, so the results don't really apply to anyone. A good example is a diet study I looked at recently. They wanted to know how much weight loss you could expect with a particular diet program. They put 50 people on the diet for 12 weeks and compared them to 50 similar people who did not diet (the control group). After the 12 weeks, the statistics showed that the diet group lost an average of 5 pounds while the control group lost nothing. Sounds good, right? Except when I looked at the actual individual results, we had some people who lost 12 pounds, some who lost 3 pounds, some who lost nothing, and some who gained weight on the diet. No one actually lost 5 pounds. So if you went on this diet with the expectation that you would lose 5 pounds, in reality, you have no idea if you will even lose any weight at all. You might even gain weight. As Mark Twain once said, “There are three kinds of lies: Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics.”  All of the health research is based on this type of analysis of results. Research does not find truth, it finds estimates and educated guesses.

With this understanding of how the scientific method really works, you can begin to appreciate why that world is full of so many arguments. Seemingly identically reproduced studies can find quite the opposite results. Who's right? What tiny variations in how the study was performed or who it was performed upon caused such different outcomes? This is the real world of science that I try to plow through to figure out opinions of the moment. Nothing is nailed down for me.


Why this verbose critique of the scientific process? Because the world of what fats are healthy and what fats are not is one of the most hotly debated subjects in diet science circles. But there are a few things that we agree upon that we can look at. Food chemistry is more black and white and we can use some of that to make some assessments. First off, polyunsaturated oils (typically seed oils) are far more easily damaged and made toxic by heat and oxygen. Monounsaturated oils like olive and avocado are less easily damaged, while saturated fats are not damaged by heat and oxygen. Besides the concern about which oils smoke more in your frying pan, why is this damage important? The answer is that it is precisely this oxygen damage that starts the cycle of atherosclerosis in our bloodstream. When polyunsaturated oils become incorporated into our lipoprotein carrier molecules that transport cholesterol and triglycerides (the LDL cholesterol the doctor talks about) become oxidized, our immune system macrophages attack them and form foam cells which are the first stage of hardening of the arteries.


Whoa, does that mean we should avoid all polyunsaturated oils? No. Another bit of info from chemistry – omega 6 oils mostly generate inflammation in the body while omega 3 oils are anti-inflammatory. Both of these are polyunsaturated oils. While we may not like how inflammation feels, some of it is necessary to initiate the healing of tissues. The issue is all about balance. The current consensus is that we should have somewhere between equal levels (1:1) of omega 6 to omega 3 to a bit more omega 6 to 3 (2:1). The problem is the standard American diet typically has 20 times as much omega 6 to omega 3 oil in it. This is old news and is why everyone takes their fish oil capsules. Unfortunately, no amount of good stuff can get rid of all the bad stuff. You have to stop eating high omega-6 foods. We don't want to because these are all the ultra-processed convenience foods we love so much. Getting rid of all the excess omega-6 oils in our diet means having to cook at home with real whole unprocessed foods. It means no mayo, salad dressings, or fried foods. (Yes I know there is avocado oil mayo and salad dressings like olive oil and vinegar which are fine.) 


What about the boogeyman of the past 70 years, saturated fat? Is it as bad as some people say it is? Other people say that it is divine manna from heaven that will save us. What do we believe? Again the answer does not lie in the realm of good versus bad. Every cell membrane in your body is made with part saturated fat and part unsaturated fat. You need both. The issue is in how much you need and how healthy you are to begin with. Simply put, the bulk of the data says that if you are healthy you can eat saturated fat without problems. If you are obese or have gut issues (like leaky gut), you need to keep your saturated fat down to a max of 10% of your daily calories. On the flip side, many folks with autoimmune conditions are finding that a diet that is 80% saturated fat and 20% ruminant meat is healing them. Part of the key here seems dependent on how well you tolerate saturated fat has to do with how many carbohydrates you consume. If you consume less than 20 grams a day and are in metabolic ketosis, your body can burn the saturated fat for fuel. But if you are not in ketosis, the saturated fat causes problems like insulin resistance and obesity. There is also an issue with saturated fat carrying inflammatory bacterial parts (lipopolysaccharides) into the bloodstream from the gut.


So where is all this putting us? The safest choice appears to be using the middle-of-the-road guys; the monounsaturated oils like olive and avocado. They are more heat stable and heat resistant to oxidation and not involved in the inflammation pathways in the body. We do need some omega 6 and 3 oils in the diet as they are involved in lots of necessary functions in the body. However, we really only need a couple of teaspoons a day of these guys. So go ahead and take your krill oil capsules and eat a few nuts to cover this need. Saturated fat (like butter) is best kept down to 1-2 tablespoons per day unless you are slim and healthy.


There is a fourth type of oil that hardly anyone talks about which is short-chain saturated fats like caprylic acid and lauric acid which are typically derived from coconut oil. They are not processed like regular fats in the body. They are picked up in the gut and carried straight to the liver and used either for fuel or turned into ketone bodies to fuel the heart and muscles. I have not been able to get any sort of dose for these types of oils from the literature. I just sort of play with them to see how I feel. Ultimately this is what it all comes down to – how do you feel consuming each of these different oils?


Take care,

David       

  
Ellen 

While I was back East for Thanksgiving, my son Mason took me to Medieval Times for a playful evening of eating with our hands while watching Knights battle it out in the big arena. Part of the evening involved rooting for a particular Knight based on his flag colors, which matched a paper crown we were given on the way in to the event. Knowing how much Ellen would miss participating in the fun and games, I brought my crown home for her to wear. Here we are!